MISCONCEPTIONS BETWEEN JIHADI AND TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IN PAKISTANI NEWSPAPERS AND AMONG STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF “THE NEWS” AND “THE NATION” EDITORIALS FROM MAY 2011 TO APRIL 2012)

MISCONCEPTIONS BETWEEN JIHADI AND TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IN PAKISTANI NEWSPAPERS AND AMONG STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF “THE NEWS” AND “THE NATION” EDITORIALS FROM MAY 2011 TO APRIL 2012)

Muhammad Shahid Imran

M.Sc Development Journalism

(2010-12)

Advisor: Dr Abida Ijaz

Institute of Communication Studies

University of the Punjab

Allah

Start with the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful.

Certificate of Approval

It is certified that Muhammad Shahid Imran s/o Muhammad Akram (Session 2010-12) has completed his thesis entitled “MISCONCEPTIONS BETWEEN JIHADI AND TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IN PAKISTANI NEWSPAPERS AND AMONG STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF “THE NEWS” AND “THE NATION” EDITORIALS FROM MAY 2011 TO APRIL 2012)” in requirements for the partial fulfilment of MS Development Journalism, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

Supervisor

Dr. Abida Ejaz

Institute of Communication Studies,

University of the Punjab, Lahore

Dedication

I dedicate my research work to my Pyari Amma jani; her prays and advices have always made me strong in my whole life,

and

to my other family members specially my kind and caring sisters, big Brother, nephews and niece.

My friend Ghadia Kosar also deserves this special dedication, her help made my work easier.

Acknowledgment

I am highly indebted to Almighty Allah, who not only enabled me to complete this research work but also blessed me in countless ways.

I owe a great intellectual debt to Dr. Abida Ejaz and Mr. Ahmad Mujtaba for their proper guidance in the completion of this dissertation. It was a great honour for me to work under their supervision. I cannot abridge the politeness and kindness of Madam Abida towards me just like her own son. I still remember their words of motivation; she said “thankful to Allah does not mean that you just say it verbally but it is to use your all senses for the betterment of whole world, to spread light in darkness and to help humanity for its honour”.

I would not like to thank my friends Saqib Mahmood Mirza, Atif Ijaz, Mahmood Idreese, Saira Maqsood, Zeeshan Latif and Rana Shahid Hayat as they did nothing for me except their duties. Also I would like to thank Ammar Malik for not disturbing me in my research work.

I pay my special gratitude to Ms Ghadia Kosar for her kind help and motivation during all research work.

Muhammad Shahid Imran

(2010-12)

Table of Contents

Chapter No.	Contents	Page #
1	Introduction                                                                                    i.            Rationales                                                                               ii.            Significance                                                                                iii.            Objectives	01
2	An overview of organizations using Jihad Connotation	13
3	Jihad reality and Misconceptions	20
4	Literature Review	29
5	Research Questions and Hypothesis	44
6	Theoretical Frame Work                                                          i.            Agenda Setting Theory                                                                     ii.            Framing Theory                                                           iii.            Magic Bullet Theory	46
7	Research Methodology                                                                       i.            Content Analysis                                                                                         ii.            Survey                                                  iii.            Interview based Analysis	53
8	Findings and Interpretation                                                    i.            Content Analysis Findings                                                                       ii.            Survey findings                                                                iii.            Interview findings	63
9	Analysis and Discussion	81
10	Conclusion	84
11	Bibliography	87

Chapter # 1

Introduction

INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC

Media either print or electronic has the power to change the perception of public on specific topic. Media marked some Muslim stereotypes as terrorist and use the same definition for Jihadi organizations fighting for their basic human rights. Many terrorist organizations used the name of Jihad to justify their actions. Jihad is a different entity from terrorism. After the 9/11 incident when the hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight into the World Trade Center's North and South Tower and into the Pentagon, there arose misconception about Jihadi organizations and Terrorist outlets. Even there are many conspiracy theories about this event and alleged involvement of Muslim jihadi organizations in the incident but media intermixed terrorist and Jihadi organizations so that everybody find it hard to differentiate between them.

After this incident, US declared Muslim jihadi organizations as terrorist organizations and invaded Iraq and Afghanistan to crush these organizations. So it was the time when media started manipulating the jihad with terrorism. Western writers and scholars even deny the incident of 9/11 being planned by Muslims and called it an inside job.

 David Dunbar and Brad Reagan in their book Debunking 9/11 Myths cited that "Why are conspiracy theories about 9/11 so annoying? I suppose it is the wilfulness of the delusion: life is hard enough without adding to the upset with suppositions of evil plots on the part of those one should be able to trust. The main issue is the toppling of the twin towers; how could it have been possible without some evil plot involving insurance payments and internal bombs to melt the metal? Unhinged folk will disregard this book but it is compelling if you really are given to ask whether what seemed to happen actually did.”

 (Dunbar & Reagon, 2006)

Then there started a long debate about jihad and jihadi organizations in popular media and about their negative connotation as terrorist outlets. There arose many misconceptions and conspiracies about Islam and its teaching about the concept of jihad. Many media outlets and propagandist use some wings of jihadi organizations to defame Islam and jihad. It is to be noted that many Muslims from underdeveloped Muslim world did heinous acts such as killing of innocent people and curbing the rights of women and minorities just for little gain due to their little knowledge about the true essence of Islam.

 Moulvi Cherag Ali Cited in his book “A critical exposition of popular Jihad” that almost all the common Mohammadan and European writers think that a religious war of aggression is one of the tenets of Islam, and prescribed by the Koran for the purpose of proselytizing or exacting tribute. But I do not find any such doctrine enjoined in the Koran, or taught, or preached by Mohammad. His mission was not to wage wars, or to make converts at the point of the sword, or to exact tribute or exterminate those who did not believe his religion his sole mission was to enlighten the Arabs to the true worship of the one God, to recommend virtue and denounce vice, which he truly fulfilled. That he and his followers were persecuted, that they were expelled from their houses and were invaded upon and warred  against ; that to repel incursions and to gain the liberty of conscience and the security of his followers’ lives and the freedom of their religion, he and they waged defensive wars, encountered superior numbers, made defensive treaties, securing the main object of the war, i. e., the freedom of their living unmolested at Mecca and Medina, and of having a free intercourse to the Sacred Mosque, and a free exercise of their religion: all these are questions quite separate and irrelevant, and have nothing to do with the subject in hand, i.e. the popular Jihad, or the crusade for the purpose of proselytizing, exacting tribute, and exterminating the idolaters, said to be one of the tenets of Islam. All the defensive wars, and the verses of the Koran relating to the same, were strictly temporary and transitory in their nature. They cannot be made an example of or be construed into a tenet or injunction for aggressive wars, nor were they intended so to be.

(Ali M. C., 2006)

            It was clear from above citation that all the fighting commands in the Quran are, only in self-defense, and none of them has any orientation to make warfare offensively. Also it is to be particularly noted that they were transitory in their nature, so not to be considered as whole time aggressive behavior of believers.’ They were only temporary steps to feed the emergency of the aggressive circumstances. The Hadith has “ The sacred injunction concerning war is sufficiently, observed when it is carried on by any one party or tribe of Muslims, and it is then no longer of any force with respect to the rest”.

It was so that there was a wide difference of meaning about jihad in Quran and Hadith from that of popular media presenting it as terrorist or cruelty act. Also there is a wide difference between Terrorist organizations using name of Jihad for justifying their actions. Western media present jihadi organizations as terrorist organizations. So there arose many misconceptions between jihadi and terrorist organizations those who declared themselves as jihadi organizations and were attacking civilians and bombing mosques and not struggling for their basic human rights.

            This debate about jihad and terrorism has been continued off and on when following the consequences of 9/11 US Navy seals carried out an operation in Abbotabad in May 2011 and claimed to kill Al-Qaida leader during this operation. This again ignites warm discussions on media about misconception about jihadi organizations and terrorist organization particularly their alleged presence in Pakistan.

            The main topic of the study revolved around the situation just after the Abbotabd operation when Osama bin laden was hunted by US in Abbotabad that how National elite English dailies treat the misconceptions between jihadi and terrorist connotation after this incident or how they justified the Jihad as different entity from terrorism.

The coverage is narrowed down to two major English dailies, The Nation and The News, keeping in view the publications frequency, number readers and the class of audience.

The sole purpose of the study is to find out how these dailies were representing the terrorist organizations a different thing from jihad after the expected death of Osama bin Laden in Abbotabad operation. Methodology of quantitative analysis (content analysis) used to carry out the research.

A survey has also done to know how students differentiate the terrorist and jihadi organizations. An interview based analysis about the concept of jihad and terrorism has also done by interviewing the Sheikh Zaid Islamic centre well known scholar Dr. Muhammad Abdullah, to frame the misconceptions present in media about terrorist and jihadi organizations

Framing and agenda setting theories were used to frame the content analysis and magic bullet theory for survey   research.

Rationale for selecting the topic

The researcher selected this topic to find the misconceptions and ambiguities present in main stream Pakistani print media about the Terrorist and jihadi organizations operating from Pakistan.

This topic is also well contribution to mass communication research as it tries to find out how national media treat misconceptions about a particular topic which is internationally sensitive and equally important at national level.

Media framed public opinion according to the will of their godfathers and presented some Muslim guerrillas as terrorists deemed as threat to western civilizations and if they were not curbed, they might ‘whip them off the map’. Without any strong evidence media helped US and its allies to start war on terrorism against the innocent citizens of Afghanistan and Iraq causing mass destruction of their homelands, so was the start when they declared jihad against US cruelty but later, some mischief makers use name of jihad to operate their actions against Pakistan and to defame islam.

Casey Britton in an article on worldanalysis.net named Common misconceptions about Jihad and mujahedeen said that “the West and the leadership of America had waged a war against Islam. They have entered Muslim lands desecrated Muslim Books and places of worship, killed old, young and weak, imprisoned the men and destroyed the honor. They have turned healthy families to homeless, happy children into orphans, women into widows and places of worship into places of blood and death. As Allah ordered in his holy book: “And fight them until there is no more Fitnah (disbelief and worshipping of others along with Allah) and (all and every kind of) worship is for Allah (Alone). But if they cease, let there be no transgression except against Az-Zalimun (the polytheists, and oppressors, etc.)” [2:193] The Mujahedeen have stood up and obeyed the command of Allah and defended the lands from the invading enemy. Unlike the Ummah’s previous enemies, the West has invented a new form of attacking Islam, which is through the Media, through newspapers, Televisions, radios and more specifically through so-called Muslim Ulama (learned ones) who are under the payroll of American CIA to conceal the truth from the Muslim Masses and present to them Falsehood and lies. However, Allah says in the noble Quran: "They intend to put out the Light of Allah with their mouths. But Allah will complete His Light even though the disbelievers hate (it)." [61:8]

 (Britton, Articles, 2011)

The so called war on terror has affected millions of lives not only in Afghanistan and Iraq but Muslims wherever they are in western countries they feel insecurity. Even some of them have to hide their identity, which is, as analysts say, simply because of western media’s portrayal of Islam as religion of terror and presenting Muslim freedom fighters as terrorists but later many terrorist organizations use the shelter of jihad to justify their wrong actions against innocent civilians.

It’s true that, why not Jihad and Jihadi organizations when mighty were killing innocents in western occupied Muslim world and so called human rights organizations were protecting them. Is it then any surprise that Muslim radicalism intensifying across the Islamic world? Can it indeed be held back when they watch images of wounded women and children crying in agony as they lie sprawled in blood stained mud?

But when Western media portrayed Muslim Jihadi as terrorist there arose misconception so this research topic is selected to find out the footsteps of those misconceptions created by western media and terrorist organizations in editorials of two National elite class news papers, The Nation and The News. Also a survey has done to frame the misconceptions of students about mixed concept of jihad and terrorism by media.

Rational for selecting elite English newspapers:

            In Pakistan English press is considered relatively more responsible with regard to important news and views linking key policy decisions, though Pakistani Urdu press is also free but it usually takes the undue advantage of freedom and sensationalizes the incidents. Press gets more importance, as electronic media is state controlled. It has special credibility and prestige. It is also considered the print media is more credible than electronic media. It is obvious that a state controlled media will only present the government point of view by every mean possible.

Newspapers readers are much aware about their relevant subject and considered them free, credible and responsible form of media.

The freedom of press means that press would take a free posture on the issues of national interest. The Pakistani press, in hand with the rest of country, has windswept all political upheavals generated across half a century of independence.

The researcher has selected the Elite English press to study the coverage of jihadi organizations in editorials. The Nation and The News are two major English dailies of Pakistan, which by and large, remains serious and responsible on the issues of national and international importance. Also their readers comprise people of educated and elite class. The Nation and The News, being most frequently read among the educated class, covered the Jihadi organizations in all of these it’s content and pages.

The researcher has been selected these English news papers The News and The Nation because press is one of the most original and earliest forms of mass media to articulate human expression.

            These newspapers are playing an important role in providing the information regarding national and international issues.

Also the selected newspapers belong to the renowned groups of publications of Pakistan. These appeared regularly during the period under consideration and were easy to access from the libraries of Lahore.

Following is the brief introduction of the selected newspapers along their editorial policies.

The News:

The News is the most important newspaper in Pakistan. It is known as the representative of elite and having, liberal, neutral policy. The News was inaugurated from Lahore by Khalil-ul-Rehman. It played a very leading role in formulating public opinion during Pakistan movement. It editor is Ansar Abbasi known as well investigating reporter and he published some famous reports in The News since last few years, and its owner Mir Khalil-ur-Rahman lead by Jang group.

Policy:

This newspaper claims that it policy represent people thought and feelings. According to Mir Shakil-ul-Rehman our policy is that we have no policy, we do reporting on information and news instead of imposing our opinion or decision.

The Nation:

The paper was stored on 1^st March 1986; from Lahore. Its chief editor and editor was Maajied Nizami, respectively. The paper claims to be an independent newspaper. It is an ideological and conservative newspaper although it is more liberal than Nawa-i-Waqat (the local Urdu newspaper).

The Nation is an easier paper of English language. The paper also took part in Pakistan movement and played a significant role in the promotion of Muslim league ideology The Nation conspicuously supports the pro-right ideas, though its editor Arif Nizami claims that it is a liberal newspaper.

Policy:

The Nation possesses nationalistic posture and highlights the ideology of Pakistan strongly supporting the two-nation theory. It is a newspaper having an implicit policy and strictly follows it. Many a prominent journalists and intellectuals regularly contribute articles to this newspaper. It is a paper for great repute.

The Nation is adopted the same policy and projects the cause of the Muslims and promote the ideology of Pakistan. To be logic behind the selection of this newspaper is vast circulation.

Rational for selecting editorials

The reason behind selecting the editorials is that editorial role is crucial in the newspapers and it is considered to the soul of the newspapers. And in reflect the newspapers policy and the policy of the editors and owners about the issue.

Editorial originally presented the viewpoint of editor or owners of a newspaper or journal. Carl G-Miller stated that “editorial is an easy written on a current issue in which an efforts is mode to organize the opinion of the reader according to the point of view of the writer”

(Waldrop, 1948)

Editorial is the best platform for the editor to convey the messages, suggestions and comments to the reader about the issue or the problem and the editorial helpful to build opinion. Editorial pages are playing important role to molding the public opinion and to provide guideline for the Government on the national and international levels. Another reason for selecting the editorials is that Pakistani newspapers have no direct sources these newspapers get news from the Western news agencies and the news contents are same.

The researcher has selected the editorials which are responsible to build public opinion and focus on the editorials of analysis the policy of the newspaper.

Rational for Survey

Survey method was used to find out how students perceive the jihad and terrorism differently. Also to find how media mixed the concept of jihad with terrorism cultivating these misconceptions in the minds of students.

Significance of the Study:

The significance of the study is that it will explore the way ‘The News’ and ‘The Nation treat misconceptions between terrorist and Jihadi organizations after Abbotabad operation in Pakistan. It also aims to unveil the agenda settings of these two newspapers with special reference to the topic. Another question, which is addressed, is how these newspapers build perception of common people about these terrorist and jihadi organizations. The researcher has also tried to distinguish between terrorism and the real concept of Jihad to make this study beneficial for future analysts. 

Significance of the time period:

The researcher has been taken the time period of May 2011 to April 2012. It was the time just after the Abbotabd operation carried out by US forces inside Pakistani territory to hunt Osama bin laden, leader of a well known organization Al-Qaida.

After the incident media again start mixing the concept of jihad in Islam and Terrorism like it mixed after 9/11.

Not only the main stream media but also the head of state criticized the Muslims because of some terrorists’ outlets who were operating by using the name of Islam and Jihad for justifying their acts. Just after the incident the remarks of neighbor state India were as, on his way back from a six-day visit to Ethiopia and Tanzania, Dr Manmohan Singh said that he has great worries about what is happening in Pakistan and he warns that his country would not bear terrorist jihadi elements in his neighbor state.

He said “We have great worries about the terror machines that are still intact in Pakistan. We would like Pakistan to take much more effective action to curb the activities of those jihadi groups, which particularly target a country like India”.

Same was the situation at foreign and national media as they were again mixing the jihad with terrorism so researcher has taken this time period because attention of international community again turned towards the jihad and terrorism after the hunting of Osama in Abbotabad operation just like after the 9/11 incident.

Objectives of Study:

There are two main objectives of the study

1.      To find out scientifically “The Nation” and “The News” treatment upon differentiating the jihadi and terrorist organizations.

2.      To find out misconceptions of students about jihadi and terrorist organizations after the framing of media.

Chapter # 2

ORGANIZATIONS USING JIHAD CONNOTATION

(An Overview)

ORGANIZATIONS USING JIHAD CONNOTATION

 “Jihad” is considered such a sacrilege activity of Islam that it has been termed as the sixth pillar of is1am. There are several organizations operating throughout the Pakistan using the name of jihad to justify their operations which are not accordance to Islamic and Pakistani laws. Also Pakistan has banned these organizations inside Pakistan.

1-Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan alternatively referred to as the Pakistani Taliban, is an umbrella organization of various militant groups based in the north western FATA along the Afghan border in Pakistan. Most, but not all, Pakistani Taliban groups work under the TTP. In December 2007 about 13 groups united under the leadership of Baitullah Mehsud to form the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan. Among the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan's stated objectives are resistance against the Pakistani state, enforcement of their interpretation of shariah and a plan to unite against NATO-led forces in Afghanistan.

The TTP is not directly affiliated with the Afghan Taliban movement led by Mullah Omar, with both groups differing greatly in their histories, strategic goals and interests although they both share a primarily Deobandi interpretation of Islam and are predominantly Pashtun. 

2- Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda is a global militant organization founded by Osama bin Laden at some point between August 1988 and late 1989 with its origins being traceable to the Soviet War in Afghanistan. It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army and a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for global Jihad and a strict interpretation of shariah law. It has been designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and various other countries.

3- Lashkar-e Janghvi

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is a militant organization formed in 1996; it has operated in Pakistan since Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP) activist Riaz Basra broke away from the SSP over differences with his seniors. The group is considered a terrorist organisation by Pakistan and the United States, and has been involved in attacks on Shia civilians. Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is predominantly Punjabi.

4. Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT)

Description:

The LT is the armed wing of the Pakistan-based religious organization, Markaz-ud-Dawa-w al-I rsh ad (MDI), formed in 1989. One of the three largest and best-trained groups fighting in Kashmir against India, it is not connected to a political party. The LT leader is MDI chief, Professor Hafiz Mohammed Saeed.

Activities:

LeT has conducted a number of operations against Indian troops and Military targets in Kashrnir since 1993. The group also operates a chain of religious schools in the Punjab.

Strength:

It has several hundred members in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, and in India’s southern Kashmir and Doda regions.

Location/Area of Operation:

It based in Muridke (near Lahore) and Muzaffarabad. The LT trains its militants in mobile training camps across Azad Kashmir and Afghanistan.

External Aid:

It Collects donations from the Pakistani community in the Persian Gulf, United Kingdom and from Islamic NGOs, and Pakistani and Kashmiri businessmen.

5. Harkat ul Ansar

Description:

The merger of two Pakistani groups, Harkat ul Jihad al-Islami and Harkat ul-Mujahedin, and led by Maulana Saadatullah Khan formed the Harkat ul Ansar. The merger of these two political groups and its transformation into a Jihadi group came about as part of the Afghan jihad. The Harkat ul Ansar was termed a terrorist organization by the US due to its association with the exiled Saudi terrorist Osama bin Laden in 1997. To avoid the repercussions of the US ban, the group was recast as the Harkat ul-Mujahideen in 1998.

Headquarter:

Based in Muzaffarabad, capital of Azad Kashmir, the Harkat ul Ansar has participated in insurgent and Jihadi operations in Kashmir, the outfit had carried out several operations against Indian troops and Military targets. In the process, several of its top leaders including Masood Azhar (General Secretary and top idologue), Sajjad Afghani (Commander of the Harkat ul-Ansar in Jammu and Kashmir) and Nasarullah Manzoor Langaryal (commander of the erstwhile Harkat-ul Mujahedin) were captured by Indian security forces. The US ban made it difficult for the Harkat-ulAnsar ts Pakistani sponsors to continue their support.

6. MUTTAHIDA JIHAD COUNCIL

The Muttahida Jihad Council (MJC), a conglomerate of Pakistan-based Jihadi outfits was established in November 1990 to bring under a single platform all the outfits involved in the insurgence in Kashmir (J&K). Currently it has 13 member outfits.

Headquarters:

1-lead quarter of MJC is at Muzaffarabad in Pakistan occupied Kashmir (Pokka). An inception, all the Jihadi outfits operating in J&K were required to register with a MJC.

The following Jihadi outfits are currently members of the Muttahida Jihad Council:

1. Hizb-uI-Mujahideen

2. Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front

3. Harkat-ul-Ansar

4. Tehrik-e-Jehad

5. Tehrik-ul-Mujahiden

6. Jamait-ul-Mujahideen

7. Al Jihad

8. Al Umar Mujahideen

9. Jammu Kashmir Islamic Front

10. Muslim Janbaz Force

11. Hizbullali

12. Al Fatah

13. Hizb-ul-Mornineen

7. JAISH-E-MOHAMMED

The Jaish-e-Mohamrned (JEM) is an Islamic Jihadi group based in Pakistan that was formed by Masood Azhar upon his release from prison in India in early 2000. The group’s aim is to unite Kashmir with Pakistan. It is politically aligned with the political party, Jamiat-i Ulerna-i Islam Fazlur Rehman faction (Jul-F). The group was banned and its assets were frozen by the Pakistani Government in January 2002.

Most of the JEM’s cadre and material resources have been drawn from the militant groups Harakat ulJihad al-Islami (HUJI) and the Harakat ul-Mujahedin (HUM).

External Aid:

Usama Bin Ladin is suspected of giving funding to the JEM. The JEM also collects funds through donation requests in magazines and pamphlets. In anticipation of asset seizures by the Pakistani Government, the JEM withdrew funds from bank accounts and invested in legal businesses, siich ascommodity trading, real estate, and production of consumer goods.

8. ALBADR

Two different Jihadi groups used this nomenclature at varying points of time in the decade- old insurgency in Kashmir. Initially, in August 1988, some Muslim Jihadis associated with a socioreligious organisation in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), the [Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI)j, are reported to have started two Jihadi outfits namely the Al-Badr and the Jammu and Kashmir Student Liberation Front (JKSLF). This is the only Jihadi outfit other than LT to employ Fidai Squads.

9. HURKAT UL MUJAHIDEEN:

Five people established Harkat Ui Mujahideen in t985, but in a very short span of time HUM became a very strong & effective Force.

HUM always enjoyed very cordial relations with all Afghan leaders from the day of interception, especially with Hazbi Islami, Younus Khalis, Harkat ul Inquilab etc.

Hurkat ul Mujahideen in Kashinir:

In 1990 HUM commenced Islamic Jihad in Kashmir, through very young Mujahideens under the leadership of Sajjad Afghani Shaheed. In a very short period the Kashmiri Liberation Movement turned into Jihad. Martyrdom became a sign of bravery and pride; Jihad spread like a flash in every corner of Kashmir. Harkat Ui Mujahideen is purely a Jihadi organization. Among many, the prime object of HUM is to provide awareness with regard to Jihad. HUM is determined to clear all doubts and ambiguities. In fact terrorists condemn Jihad because Jihad is the biggest obstacle in achieving terrorist’s motives.

10-Sipah e Sahaba Pakistan

Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) is a Sunni Deobandi Pakistani terrorist organization, and a formerly registered Pakistani political party. Established in the early 1980s in Jhang by Maulana Haq Nawaz Jhangvi, its stated goal is to primarily to deter major Shiite influence in Pakistan in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. The organization was banned by President Pervez Musharraf in 2002 as a terrorist organization under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997. Currently the organization's official name is Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat, but it is still widely referred to as Sipah-e-Sahaba by its own members. In March 2012 the government of Pakistan banned Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat.

(Sharif, 2002)

Chapter # 3

JIHAD REALITY AND MISCONCEPTIONS

JIHAD REALITY AND MISCONCEPTIONS:

The word “Jihad” has been in frequent use in the western press over the past several years, exploited directly or subtlety to mean “Holy War” of Muslims. As a matter of fact, the term “Holy War” coined in Europe during the crusades meant the war against Muslims. It does not appear in Islamic glossary, and “Jihad” is certainly not the translation of the Arabic word “Jihad”.

The term ‘Jihad’ means “struggling, exerting one’s latent power and exhausting all potential to achieve a (noble) cause”. This word and its various derivatives have been frequently used in the Quran, the Sunnah and the religious literature of Islam. According to some scholars Jihad forms such an essential part of Muslim religious practice that it constitutes the sixth pillar of Islam.

The word Jihad means striving. In its primary sense it is an inner struggle, to rid the soul of debased actions or Inclinations. It is also a higher moral standard, since Islam is not confined to the boundaries of the individual but extends to the welfare of society and humanity in general. An individual cannot improve himself in isolation from what happens in their community or in the world at large. Hence the Quranic injunction is to take it as a duty: “To enjoin good and forbid evil”. (3:104). It is a duty which is not exclusive to Muslims but applies to the human race who are, according to the Quran, God’s vicegerent on earth. (The means to fulfil the obligation of Jihad are varied, and in our modern world encompass all legal, diplomatic, arbitrative, economic, and political instruments.) Islam also does not exclude the use of force to curb evil, if there is no other workable strategy left. A forerunner of the collective security principle and collective intervention to stop aggression, at least in theory, as manifested in the United Nations Charter, is the Quranic reference “Make peace between them (the two fighting groups but if one of the two persists in aggression against the other, fight the aggressors until they revert God’s Commandment”. (49:9).

Jihad is not a declaration against other religions and certainly not against Christians and Jews as some media and political circles want it to be perceived. Islam does not fight other religions Christian and Jews are considered as fellow inheritors of the Abrahamic traditions by Muslims, worshipping the same God and following the tradition of Abraham.

The world Islam literally means peace and security. If that is so, then it is natural that the ultimate aim of Islamic dispensation should be the promotion of peace rather than preaching violence and belligerency. History of Islam also testifies to this emphasis. The prophet (Peace be upon him) since the Inauguration of his prophetic mission in 622 A.D. remained without any material source of strength for more than a decade. His Makah adversaries subjected him and his disciples to untold persecutions and horrific tyranny. He counselled and practiced patience in the face of all this mischief and misery.

However, Islam was not a religion that, despite its greatest emphasis on the respect of man, his life, conscience and honour, prohibited war in all conditions. Without any inhibition characteristic of many other creeds and cults, it did allow the use of force against force to protect and establish itself against all odds. Thus according to the teaching of Islam as elaborated in the Quran use of force is permitted to prevent Fitnah and Fasad, to restore peace and harmony of human life, to re-establish social order and to prevent persecution.

Islam’s worldview combining faith with action is considered sufficient, it gives its followers a definite purpose of life and exhorts them to engage in a lifelong struggle to develop their inner potential to the maximum degree and live in this world in accordance with that purpose. Thus it involves vigorous struggle in the cause of God at all levels.

 First of all it teaches individual Muslims to fight the base temptations of their own selves significantly; this inner struggle has also been termed Mujahahdah, which is derived from the same root as the word Jihad. Then it urges the Muslims to collectively engage in a struggle against all external forces of evil that might interfere with the peaceful pursuit of their cultural mission on earth. Over and above these two levels of struggle, Islam exhorts the scholars, seers and intellectual leaders of the Muslim community... who possess ingenuity and vision to exert their intellectual energies to widen their mental horizon and protect the common genius of the community from decline and decadence.

Jihadi-organizations banned by Musharaf’s Govt.

President Gen Pervez Musharraf on Saturday Jan 12 announced a ban on five extremist groups and put another on the watch list with a view to cleansing the Pakistan, is in the disputed responsibility for it is a terrorist society of terrorism, sectarian violence anti intolerance.

Lashkar-I-Taiba, Sipah-1-Sahaba Pakistan, Tehrik-I-Jaferia Pakistan, and Tanzim Nifaz-I-Shariat-I-Muhamrnadi stood banned forthwith, and put Sunni Tehrik was put on the watch list.

“No party in future will be allowed to be identified with words like Jaish, Lashkar or Sipah,”

The president warned. Only last year, he pointed out, 400 people had been killed in violent activities. “We have arrested some gangs, including the Imam of a mosque, who were involved in sectarian killings, which justify the banning of extremist parties.

He declared that Pakistan would not be allowed to be used for carrying out any terrorist or subversive activities in and outside the country. He warned the foreign Muslims who were using Pakistan as their hub of activities against foreign government. “No way, we will not tolerate this anymore”.

(Sharif, 2002)

Casey Britton in an article on worldanalysis.net named “Common misconceptions about Jihad and mujahedeen” quoted that “The Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) was reported to have said: “The Jihad will remain from the time Allah sent me until the time which the last of my Ummah fights the Dajjal. It will not be invalidated by the crime/corruption of the corrupt one or by the justice of the just one.” This hadith makes it very clear: Jihad will remain until the day of Judgment. In the sahihayn (Two sahih books) “There will never cease to be a group from my Ummah fighting upon the truth until the last hour is established.” In the narration of Bukhari: “They will not be harmed by those that oppose them or abandon them.” In Imam Ahmad’s narration: “They will not be concerned by those that oppose them or abandon them.”

Misconception: Some believe that before going to Jihad, one must first self reform and train themselves therefore one can only go to jihad once he feels confidence that his heart has enough self-reformation.

Allah says, “Fighting has been prescribed upon you and you dislike it, but it is possible that you dislike a thing that is good for you and you love a thing that is bad for you. Allah knows and you know not.” [Al- Baqarah 216] This ayah is a command to the Muslims to fight.

 Narrated Abu Hurayrah: Amr ibn Uqaysh had given usurious loans in pre-Islamic period; so he disliked embracing Islam until he took them. He came on the day of Uhud and asked: ‘Where are my cousins?’ They (the people) replied: ‘At Uhud.’ He asked: ‘Where is so-and-so?’ They said: ‘At Uhud.’ He asked: ‘Where is so-and-so?’ They said: ‘At Uhud.’ He then put on his coat of mail and rode his horse; he then proceeded towards them. When the Muslims saw him, they said: ‘Keep away, Amir.’ He said: ‘I have become a believer.’ He fought until he was wounded. He was then taken to his family wounded. Sa'd ibn Mu'adh came to his sister: ‘Ask him (whether he fought) out of partisanship, out of anger for them, or out of anger for Allah.’ He said: ‘Out of anger of Allah and His Apostle.’ He then died and entered Paradise. He did not offer any prayer for Allah. [Sunan Abu Dawud: Book 14, Number 2531]When he became Muslim, did the Prophet (sallallahu ‘alayhe wassallam) tell him to studyQur’an or Hadith? Uqaysh didn’t do anything but fight in the path of Allah and died shaheed; he achieved the highest status a Muslim could ever get.

Some think al Qaeda and other Jihad Organizations target Western countries by attacks such as September 11 of Manhattan and July 7 bombings of England etc. And the wrong behind the attacks is that those targeted are civilians and innocents. Shaykh Muhammed Ibn Salih al Uthaymin, may Allāh be merciful towards him, said in a tape recording regarding this topic:

“And the second (matter) is the forbiddance of killing women and children in times of war. But if it is said: ‘If they (the kuffār) do this to us- meaning that they kill our children and women, then do we then kill them?’The apparent is that it is (permissible) for us to kill their women and children- even if it means that we lose profit/benefit from it [since keeping them alive is a profit/benefit because they become the property of the Muslims]; (and killing them in this situation is permissible) due to it threatening the hearts of the enemies and a humiliation for them. And due to the generality of the Statement of Allah: “Then whoever transgresses the prohibition against you, you transgress likewise against him”

And to (purposely) destroy property (which could later belong) for the Muslims (by killing them in this case) is nothing strange. And due to this, the baggage, the baggage of the one who steals from the Ghanīmah is burned, even though in that, there are the loss of some property of one the fighters. Then if someone says: ‘If they rape our women then do we rape their women?’No, this, no, no we do not do it.

Why? Because this is prohibited as a (whole) category [i.e. it is forbidden within itself], and it is not possible for us to do it. Meaning, it is not forbidden out of respect for the rights of others [i.e. not because we are respecting their rights] - rather, because it is forbidden as a category [i.e. the action of ‘intercourse’]. So it is not permissible for us to rape their women. But if the dividing (of the Ghanīmah) takes place, and the woman from them ends up as a slave woman, then she becomes property of the right hand. The person can have intercourse with her as a right hand possession, which is permissible and there is nothing wrong with this”

Later on, the Sheikh was asked about the fact that the women being killed are not the ones who killed our women, so is this justice? So he answered: “Then whoever transgresses the prohibition against you, you transgress likewise against him” is that justice? Not at all. They kill our women, we kill their women. This is the justice. It’s not justice to say ‘if they kill our women we won’t kill your women.’ Because this, I notice from this that it has many enormous affects on them” End of Quote Sheikh Uthaymin. The Verdict of Shaykh Nāsir Ibn Hamad Al-Fahd Sheikh Nāsir Al-Fahd (may Allāh hasten his release from the prisons of the Tawāghīt) said

while discussing the permissibility of using weapons of mass destruction :Indeed, the issue of striking America with these types of weapons is permissible without mentioning further evidence, except the following Verses:“And if you punish (your enemy, O you believers in the Oneness of Allāh), then punish them with the like of that with which you were afflicted.”

And if America, as it claims, (attacks because of) the reason of Saddam- then indeed the matter is even more spacious. America has killed, and continues to kill, more than an approximately of 1,320,700 in ‘Irāq due to its economic sanctions; and America has also killed thousands of lives in Afghanistan for the cause of “the Jihādī commanders” who reside there… and the list continues… Then for what reason is it forbidden for us to kill them, crush them, targeting them, and assassinating them- until the point when we have reached the same number with which they have afflicted us. So we will kill them for the reason of Bush, Blair, and Sharon- just as they killed us for the reason of so-and-so. Indeed, it is incumbent to be equal in the service (they have given us). So just as they kill, they should be killed; and just as they assassinate, they should be assassinated. And Allah is Most Knowledgeable.

AL Qaida, Taliban and Other Mujahedeen are mercenaries and kill civilians for no reason perhaps just for fun-as the Western Media put it. Al Qaida does Suicide attacks against markets in Iraq, Al Qaida targets innocent homes in Iraq, Taliban does suicide attacks in Peshawar-and other cities-against Mosques and Markets, Taliban beat innocent people for no reason in Afghanistan, Al Shabab destroy shops and goods in Somalia, Al Shabab kills whoever does not agree with them and sometimes amputate limbs of their bodies. We hear commonly on the news that Mujahideen have killed civilians in Iraq, Pakistan and elsewhere. We see headlines such as “Hundreds die in Iraqi market after a suicide bomber detonated his explosive belt amidst crowds”, and sometimes “4 Iraqi homes were destroyed after gunmen stormed it and set it alight” or “Gunmen attack and kill shop-owners”. I swear by Allah! Brothers and Sisters, all these are propaganda from the enemy and it is meant to sow discord between us Muslims. O Muslims! Do not get fooled by these statements of the kuffar and Fasiq sources. Allah Almighty says in the Quran: “O you who believe! If a Fasiq (rebellious evil) person comes to you with news, verify it lest you harm people in ignorance” (49:6). By means of their media and their puppet media, the enemies of Allah have managed to convince some weak Muslims false accusations against the Mujahedeen. By Allah! We should not let it weaken us. America through its many puppet Medias, some covered in the form of Muslim Channels such as Al Jazeera, Al Arabiyyah and many other news agencies have managed to fool some simple Muslims regarding the truth about the Mujahideen. Mujahideen have always denied and denounce the targeting of civilians. The Following is an Extract from the servant of Allah posted on Ansar al Mujahedeen

If we do some research about the mujahedeen who are fighting under the banner of Al-Qaida/Taliban/Al Shabab and other groups, we find that most of them are people from middle class families who are well educated and lived a comfortable life in their native country. If they are truly mercenaries without boundaries why would they exchange a comfortable life for a life of calamities and death?”

(Britton, common misconceptions about jihad and mujahdeen, 2011)

Chapter # 4

LITERATURE REVIEW

          

                                            

LITERATURE REVIEW:

A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by scholars and researchers. In writing the literature review, basic purpose is to convey the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. So, it is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries. As Agostino (1980) states that the purpose of literature review is to know that what type of research has been done in the area and what has been found in previous studies because researchers often spend time on collecting data that are already available. So, the study of available literature saves time and money. Through literature review, a researcher can know what has been already investigated.

Gema Martin (1999) Munoz in her book, “Islam Modernism and the West” says that political and social developments in the Muslim world are taken as signs of religious extremism, ignoring all social, religious, economic factors giving rise to these developments. Similarly, she says, terrorism and warfare, when they involve Muslims, tend to be explained as a consequence of Islam itself and its allegedly inherent inclination to jihad.

(Munoz, 1999)

Qazi Faez Isa (2001) in his article, “Jihad: an abused term” says that a lot of confusion exists in Muslim minds, let alone the less conciliatory minds of the West, in the use of the term “Jihad”. This term has been used and abused now more than ever before and the all-pervasive media’s brands it as a “holy war” against the West. The media plays up such declarations of “holy war” for their sensational value to project the Muslims as gun—toting Jihadis. Over the time, Isa says, the word “Jihad” has been corrupted to an extent that it is now understood to mean almost the exact opposite to what its real meaning is. Jihad signifies the using or exerting of one’s utmost power, efforts, endeavours or ability.This meaning is a far cry from “holy war”, the restrictive and only meaning being given to Jihad these days.

(Isa, 2001)

Muhammad Al-Ghazali (2001) in his article “Jihad and Islamic World View” in Vision, Dec, 2001 says that the word Islam means peace and security and the ultimate aim of Islamic dispensation is the promotion of peace rather than preaching violence and belligerency. Yet a misconception exists in the mainstream media that Jihad promotes and encourages terrorism.

(Al-Ghazali, 2001)

Qaisar Sharif (2002) quoted in his research work “Abu Saif (2002) says in his article “Who should take the charge of Madressahs” that the modern Madressahs, with scientific and religious education, can play a very important role in the evolution of an integrated and cohesive society. He says that once these modern Madressahs take firm roots in imparting an education essential for Pakistan’s socio-economic salvation and up lift, the type of hybrid and costly education now being dished out at thousands of unregulated English medium schools, may lose its lure to our middle class and integrate public schooling at the formative level”.

(Sharif, 2002)

Arthur Monteiro in his book  “The jihad fixation Agenda –strategy-portents” wrote as, “Has Jihad Now Become Binding upon Every Muslim?”For as long as Allah’s Messenger was in Makkah, he was not allowed to fight against the disbelievers, even though they persecuted him amid his followers. Then he migrated to Madeenah. But the disbelievers even then were not ready to abandon the chase and leave him alone. So, at last Allah revealed: ‘Sanction is given unto those who fight because they have been wronged; and Allah is indeed able to give them victory’ (Al-Hajj: 39).

      Then, there was a step forward; Allah made it binding (in the Muslims to fight in His Way. ‘Warfare is ordained for you, though you dislike it’ (2:216). And now, for all time to come, Allah has made it binding on the Muslims to continue their fighting against the disbelievers until their objectives are not achieved.

(Monteiro, 2002)

Moulavi Cheragh Ali in his book “A Critical Exposition of the Popular Jihad” wrote that “The popular word Jihad, occurring in several passages of the Koran and generally construed by Christians and Moslems alike as meaning hostility or the waging of war against infidels, does not classically or literally signify war, warfare, hostility or fighting; and is never used in such a sense in the Koran. The Arabic terms for warfare or fighting are Harab and Kital.

      The words Jahada and Jahada signify that a person strove, laboured or toiled; exerted himself or his power, or efforts, or endeavours, or ability; employed himself vigorously, diligently, studiously, sedulously, earnestly or with energy; was diligent or studious, took pains or extraordinary pains’; for example, the term Jahada filamr signifies that a person did his utmost or used his utmost powers, or efforts, or endeavor ability in prosecuting an affair. The infinitive noun Jihadan also means difficulty or embarrassment, distress’, affliction, trouble, inconvenience, fatigue, or weariness? Jauharee, a lexicologist of great repute, whose work is confined to classical terms and their significations, says in his Sihah that Jahada fi Sabeelillah or Mojahadatan and Jihadan and also Ajtahada and Tajahada mean expending power and effort. Fayoomee, author of Misbahet Moneer, which contains a very large collection of classical words and phrases of frequent occurrence, also says that Jahada fi Sabeelillah Jihadan and Ajtahada fil Amr mean he expended his utmost efforts and power in seeking to attain an object.

      It is only a post-classical and technical meaning of Jihad to use the word as signifying fighting against an enemy. Mr. Lane says, “Jahadee came to be used by the Moslems to signify generally he fought, warred or waged war against unbelievers and the like.” This signification is now given by those lexicologists who do not restrict themselves to the definition of classical terms or significations, like the author of Kicmoos. Mr. Lane, the celebrated author of Maddool Kámoos, an Arabic-English lexicologist, clearly shows that the definition of Jihad, as the act of waging war, is only of Moslem origin and is not classical. And I will show in sequence that the Moslem usage of Jihad, as signifying the waging of war, is a post-Koranic usage, and that in the Koran it is used classically and literally in its natural sense.

(Ali M. C., 1884)

Noam Chomsky in his book titled “9-1 1” (2001, New York) raises the questions that “Is Islam dangerous to Western civilization? Does the Western way of life pose a threat to mankind?”

(P: 92)

He writes, “The question is too broad and vague for me to answer. It should be clear, however, that the US does not regard Islam as enemy, or conversely. As for the Western way of life, it includes a great variety of elements, many highly admirable, many adopted with enthusiasm in the Islamic world, many criminal and even a threat to human survival. As for Western civilization, perhaps we can heed the words attributed to Gandhi when asked what he thought about “Western civilization”: he said that it might be a good idea.”

Chomsky says, “We should recognize that in much of the world the US is regarded as a leading terrorist state, and with good reason.” Chomsky cites many examples of US actions that resulted in the killing of several million civilians during the past few decades. A partial list of nations where those deaths have occurred includes Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, East Timor, Sudan, Iraq, Yugoslavia and Afghanistan. Chomsky rips into the scam of wiping the US government’s slate clean. “If we choose, we can live in a world of comforting illusion,” he said.

“Or we can look at recent history, at the institutional structures that remain essentially unchanged, at the plans that are being announced, and answer the questions accordingly. I know of no reason to suppose that there has been a sudden change in long-standing motivations or policy goals, apart from tactical adjustments to changing circumstances.” Chomsky writes: “We should also remember that one exalted task of intellectuals is to proclaim every few years that we have ‘changed course,’ the past is behind us and can be forgotten as we march on towards a glorious future. That is a highly convenient stance, though hardly an admirable or sensible one.”

(Chomsky, 2001)

Amber Kahil Khan (2003) stated in his study that during September 2001 to March 2002 total 428 pictures were published about Islam among which 45 pictures were published about Muslim.

Twenty nine pictures were published on Taliban, presenting their negative image. 30 pictures of oppressed women, 8 pictures of progressive women and two pictures of liberal women were published. Nine pictures were published representing hostile Islam, tolerant Islam was showed in 13 pictures and 4 pictures depicted peaceful Islam. 39 pictures were published on Osama Bin Laden, 8 pictures were published on Saddam Hussein and 4 pictures were published on Khatami.

In qualitative analyses, Time and Newsweek supported Northern Alliance and showed that people were returning to normal life, enjoying VCR, CDs and going to barbers to shave beard. Fundamentalist pictures described Muslim world a threat to Western interests. Some pictures showed Muslims as violent and aggressive, attacking embassies and chanting anti-US slogans, burning TVs and US flag in Pakistan.

Amber stated that women were shown subjugated and oppressive, which portrayed Islam as conservative nation, lacking flexibility to meet modern world. Thus, describing difference between the Muslim world and Western world through Taliban’s oppression of women, reading a caption that:”The world is forced to face troubling status of Islam.” Muslim children were shown with weapons and throwing stones on Israeli and US tanks.

Especially, showing the Holy Koran in the hands of stereotyping Muslims or “terrorists”, Time and Newsweek tried to create a link between terrorism and Islam. Notably, the peaceful Islam, which was shown in pictures, was of holy mosques and Muslims offering rituals under the caption “The true peaceful face of Islam.”

Amber concludes that Osama bin Laden was presented as “The Evil One, Mesmerize, Point Man, The Target, Training the Terror, The Wear and Tear of Terror and The Holly Warrior.” The magazines created a link between terrorism and Islam and Muslim women were shown under the oppression of Taliban, which were portrayed as terrorists.

(Khan, 2003)

Muhammad Usman Butt (2001) states that during January 1990 to December 2000 most of Hollywood movies portrayed Islam negatively. The movies also showed Muslims as conservative and aggressive. He finds that 13 moves presented Islam according to West’s negative perception.

Four movies showed positive response to the Muslim world while 3 movies presented Islam negatively and overall, Muslims were portrayed by Hollywood movie is a threat to their flat icon.

(Butt, 2001)

David N. Gobbs (2003) stated that looking at the coverage of the current war in Afghanistan, it is clear that certain things do not change. Just as the press had previously lionized the mujahiddin, they initially did the same with the Northern Alliance. And according to an article in the Washington Post (10/20/01): “Asked on September12 whether the military would be authorized to lie to the media, US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld responded, “This conjures up Winston Churchill’s famous phrase when he said, “Sometimes, the truth is so precious it must be accompanied by a bodyguard of lies.” Rumsfield’s comment on the virtues of lying was buried in the middle of the article, which focused on the earth-shattering topic of Winston Churchill’s rhetoric and its recent popularity, quote by Rumsfield has elicited little notice.”

Gibbs stated that the press coverage of this era was overwhelmingly positive, even glowing with regard to the guerrillas’ conduct in Afghanistan. Their unsavory features were downplayed or omitted altogether. While some newspapers favored some restraint in the degree of US military support for Mujahedeen notably by the Los Angeles Times and the Washington Post and other like the Wall Street Journal favored a more open- ended policy, these differences were only matters of degree. Virtually, all papers favored some amount of US military support, and there was near unanimous agreement that the guerrillas were “heroic, courageous and above all, the freedom fighters.”

(Gobbs, 2003)

Noam Chomsky (2004) describes that: “This is true on every topic. Pick the topic you like; the Middle East, international terrorism, Central America, whatever it is, the picture of the world that is presented to the public has only the remotest relation with the reality. The truth of the matter is buried under edifice after edifice of lies upon lies. It is all been a marvelous success from the point of view in deterring the threat of democracy, achieved under conditions of freedom, which is extremely interesting. It is not like a totalitarian state, where it is done by force. The achievements are under the conditions of freedom.”

Edward Said in his book “Covering Islam- How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World” (1981) says that since the Iranian revolution, Islam has been portrayed, characterized and analyzed by European and the American media and in due course they have made known. But this account of Islam is fully misleading. Geopolitical strategists who speak of “the Crescent of Crisis” are biased and prejudiced in their opinion.

Said says that the Western media especially American media coverage of the news of Muslim world is often flawed and one-sided. He says that understanding the Islam is very different to understanding the myriad of political events that pervade the Muslim world. Thus, we begin to sense the tremendous lag between academic description of Islam and the particular realities to be found within the Islamic world.” (P: 15)

(Said, 1981)

In a Report on the international seminar on “future of jihadi organizations” Organized by Islamabad policy research institute (IPRI) cited that “Dr. Manzar Zaidi, Director NACTA, Islamabad, presented his paper on “Evolution and Dynamics of Jihadi Organizations.” He focused on “Who are they and what (may) drive them?” He said that compared to the ordinary citizens, religious militant samples do not exhibit unusually high rates of psychopathology, irrationality, or personality disorders. He pointed out that sustainable activity requires a certain amount of ingenuity. He said that the dynamic of social injustice causes rage or anger that is one of the dominant factors that multiply the effects of militancy. While pondering he elaborated that if religion was the sole factor for militancy, then religion did not come to the individual; it was the other way round. While explaining the mushrooming of Jihadi organizations, he said that it was not coincidence but a chain reaction of global changes. According to Dr. Zaidi, a jihadi/militant is somebody who thinks too much about different things. He said that to find out the driving force behind militancy one needed to consult Ibn Khaldun’s  Assabiyya (social solidarity) and Meta Assabiya that were propounded several centuries back.

Dr. Rashid Ahmad of the Institute of Islamic and Arabic Studies, University of Peshawar, presented his paper entitled “Motivations for Jihadi Organizations”. He said that when Jihad is taken to armed struggle it becomes Hasan le Ghaireh, as sometime necessities make prohibited things permissible. In the period of ignorance, motivations of war were lust for booty, pride and prestige, and revenge. Motivations for true Jihad include: defending faith, defending and safeguarding territory of Muslims, eradication of persecution, eradication of internal enemies, maintaining peace, punishment of treachery and fraud, retaliation against oppression and atrocities, and elimination of oppression. Motivations of contemporary Jihadi organizations are religious, resistance against invasion and occupation of Muslim lands, issue of amr-bil maroof and nahe an’al munkir, issue of al-wala and al-bara, struggle against puppet rulers, economic motives, personal sufferings, personal revenge, rivalry, constitutional problems, judicial system, and reaction to drone attacks.

Director, Conflict Monitoring Center, Islamabad Mr. Abdullah Khan presented his paper entitled “Myths and Realities of Jihadi Organizations of Pakistan”. He identified the causes of misperception about jihadi organizations in Pakistan. Lack of objective research is one of the reasons which create more confusion regarding jihadi organizations, he said. According to him, some customer-oriented Pakistani writers create myths for short term gains. He said that there was no media connections with the Kashmiri Jihadi organizations, as Indian lobby sidelined these organizations; on the other hand, the west adopts pre-planned media policies. Naturally, the consequence is misperceptions. In the latter part of the presentation, he noted that in many cases there is a positive image of jihad and jihadi organizations in the mind of Pakistani citizens. Finally, he said Kashmir issue should be resolved and radical elements should be curtailed.

Chairperson of the session Dr. S M Zaman said that the greater Jihad had to be waged by all of us at all times. This is what Holy Prophet (PBUH) wanted and this is what sufis practiced. The word jihad has been confined from this broad meaning and unfortunately used for narrow meaning of Qital. The word Jihad has been there all along in the Arab and European languages. The term ‘Jihadi’ however is new and has “contemptuous” connotations, he opined. Dr. Zaman said that Jihad is a sacred duty and a pillar of Islam, which affects the mind in a deep and profound way; it is a means to prevent foreign oppression. He lamented that much more attention in terms of intellectual input as well as our resources has gone to anti-terrorism, whereas little analysis has been done on the causes that contribute to the phenomenon of terrorism. Elaborating his point further, he asked the audience how much territory was assigned to Israel in the UN resolution and how much does it actually control. He cautioned that removing the causes is essential in order to stop consequences. That is the only way to stop terrorism, stressed Dr Zaman. He also said that we have to be very careful in using the term ‘Jihad’. He expressed the hope that differentiation of Jihad from terrorism will enlighten western analysis and would be conducive to peace.

Lt. General R, Hamid Gul in his presentation, “Prospects of Jihadi Organizations”, said that the Jihad phenomenon is a response of poor against mightiest of the mighty. When Osama bin Laden decided to declare war against America it was not Jihad as he was not authorized to do it but it was war of conflict. Jihad is defensive form of struggle that has been rekindled after centuries. He said a historic event had taken place in the form of Chicago Summit where NATO and the United States had conceded their defeat at the hands of the Afghan people who were fighting against their country’s occupation. It is future of Jihad that imperialist and socialist powers have been defeated at our door steps. He said that Jihad is the new spirit of the age and the world has undergone a great change as in the unequal war between the down trodden people and the mightiest imperial power; the weaker side is winning because its cause is just. In this context, General Gul mentioned Kashmir as the source of jihadist militancy, which would continue to fuel violence until India accepted the demands of the people of Kashmir. In this connection, he lamented that at a historic time like that, India had chosen to toe the American line and place itself on the wrong side of history. General Gul said that the true face of the west was no more concealed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the time, when the cauldron of Russian-Afghan war was boiling, the US used to praise the mujahideen as the holy warriors and the western girls used to idealize their long beards, turbans and their dusty flip-flops. But now they are calling them wild savages and terrorists. He said this shows America runs after its interests. While explaining the jihadists and the US forces, he said, “Muslim jihadi fights with faith; not with arsenal, whereas the US forces depend upon technology. Technology without morality is rascality.”

Ajit Sahi a prominent Indian journalist of ‘Tahelka’ fame agreed with General Gul on the issue of India’s growing relationship with the US.He said that Pakistan’s example offers lessons in this regard as it had gained nothing after over half a century of toeing the American line. Speaking on “Equivalence of Jihadi Organizations in non-Muslim societies” he said that he had found that most of the cases of terrorism against Muslims in his country were fabricated. He said that states and their institutions needed villains to keep people’s attention diverted from the real issues. Mr. Sahi said, “The real issues of the people of the subcontinent are poverty and its attendant manifestations”. He said that he was critical of both Pakistani and Indian governments because they were widening the gulf between the people of both countries. He also made strong plea for ‘people to people’ contacts and opening of borders to promote a climate of friendship in the subcontinent so that the political issues could be resolved in a conducive atmosphere without the misunderstandings that state agencies create to keep people divided. In his paper entitled “Jihad and Modern Warfare: Contemporary Practices”,Air Commodore Khalid Iqbal (r) explained the evolution of warfare from third to fourth and fifth generation in which the distinction of who was fighting whom, and victory and defeat had been diluted. It was a perpetual war and the state had scant means for a definite closure. He stated that war had been an instrument of policy in almost all civilizations, cultures and religions. He highlighted that the emerging Jihadi mindset is the result of Muslims perception of their victimization at the hands of the dominant West. He quoted the examples of unresolved issues of Kashmir, Palestine and Cyprus and also referred to the resolution of non-Muslim states’ issues that had further heightened the sense of alienation of Muslims. He said that the jihadi organizations are not an equivalent of the armed forces of a state and if a state employs these entities as a declared policy, it will have to face the consequences. Similarly, if such entities are operating within a state and confine themselves to intra-state militant activities then government should confront them through the law enforcement agencies. He asserted that the private security companies operating in the occupied territories have given legitimacy to these organizations.

Chairperson of the session Dr. Noor ul Haq, said that the concept of Jihad is anti-thesis of terrorism. He agreed with General Gul that, “Jihad is a defensive war against oppression”. He also noted the prophecy of General Hamid Gul that a new world order is emerging and Pakistan should adjust to new realities.

Winding up the seminar Director General IPS Mr. Khalid Rahman said that Jihad is the core value of Islam. He said that an attempt had been made to equate Jihad with terrorism but it would never succeed. Terrorism is an outcome and reflection of injustice and if terrorism is a global problem then it is the responsibility of the United Nations to deal with that. He said that the UN’s approach was conceptually weak as it had not defined exactly what constituted terrorism. This lack of clarity in legal terms has been the cause of wrong interpretations. He stated that terrorism has existed since centuries as a mean to an end. He concluded by saying that, “injustice has to be addressed if we want to resolve the problem of terrorism”.

He said when governments in the Muslim countries failed to protect interests of the Islamic countries as expected by the people some segments of population made their own organizations to act on their own. International community also failed to resolve issues relating to the Muslim world such as Palestine and Kashmir. In the same realm, the Muslim governments have not played their role as expected and demanded by people. Therefore, Jihadi organizations came up to help oppressed people in one way or the other.

In the post 9/11 haze, the internationally accepted legitimacy and legality of the principle of self-determination has been obscured by the rhetoric of the so-called ‘War on Terror’ he said.

The tendency to join a social group with Jihadi elements may have many random causes, but one of the main reasons to join this path clearly identifiable is perceived injustice. Phenomenon of the Private Jihad is not a by-product of the Afghan Jihad instead it was forced upon Pakistan due to the Indian military intervention in Kashmir, he argued.

He said Afghan Jihad’s impact on the Pakistani society is also exaggerated. In fact, Afghan Jihad influenced only few Pashtun populated areas. In contrast, Kashmir Jihad influenced almost entire country.

He said that unlike Al Qaeda, Kashmiri and India focused Jihadi organizations never rebelled against prevailing international system. Instead they have always tried to legitimize their struggle within the system. These militant groups fighting against India are not a direct threat to international peace.

Militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba is presented as the ‘Next Al-Qaeda’and ‘a group having international presence with pan-Islamic ideology’ but reality is that the group has never targeted any western country. Contrary to prevailing myths, the group has always used its resources against India, Mr. Khalid said.

He said that JuD has emerged as a ‘quick response force’ during natural disasters and calamities. It has well organized presence at unit level in most parts of the country and can mobilize its work force without any hindrance.”

(IPRI, 2012)

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1.      Research Question 1:

Which English daily create more ambiguity between terrorist and jihadi outlets in editorials?

2.      Research Question 2:

What is the editorial policy of The News towards the organizations using jihad connotation?

3.      Research Question 3:

What is the editorial policy of The Nation towards the terrorist organizations using jihad connotation?

4.      Research question 4:

How students differentiate between terrorist and jihadi organizations?

HYPOTHESIS:

1.      Both English dailies create more ambiguity between terrorist and jihadi organizations

2.      The students find hard to differentiate between Terrorist and jihadi organizations.

Chapter # 6

Theoretical Frame work

Theoretical Frame work:

Theoretical framework provides the researcher with a framework of appropriate theories of communication studies in the light of which a researcher attempts to investigate, explore and analyze the proposed study.

The theoretical framework of this research has been chosen on the basis of the considered judgment of the researcher. The following theory is related to the study.

Following theories are found helpful for the theoretical foundations, in

1.      CONCEPT OF FRAMING:

Framing is an important concept, which helps us understand as to how an incident is projected or portrayed in the media content. This concept has been used by notable media scholars Gitlin (1980), Mughees (l99i. Saleem (1998) etc. and is becoming increasingly popular for the purpose of research.’ This concept would be beneficial in explaining the relationship between Pakistan’s foreign policy and the policy of the elite English press. How the elite press frames Kahmir Pak-Afghan relations in its editorials would help to understand that what kind of relationship exists between elite press and Pakistan’s foreign office Giltin (1980) defines media frames as “persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation of selection, emphasis, and exclusion, by which Symbol handlers routinely organize discourse, whether verbal or visual”. He Suggests that if the media are to be seen as mirrors. it ought to be as ‘mirrors in a fun house”. He says that the framing of an issue is influenced by which many its of information are included in or excluded form a story. He (1980) says:

“Media are mobile spotlights, not passive mirrors of the society; selectivity is the instrument of their action. A news story adopts a certain framed rejects or downplays material that is discrepant. A story is a choice, a way f screening from sight” (Gitlin, 1980 cited in Mughees. 1993:66 and Saleem: 98). The notion of media frame has been used loosely and often left undefined. It is frequently used in a vague way, or as a metaphor (Tankard et al, 1991:2). In general, news frames are constructed from and embodied in the key words; a metaphor, concepts, symbols and visual images emphasized on editorials. But through repetition, placement and reinforcing association with each other, the words and images that comprise the frame render one basic representation more readily discernible comprehensible, and memorable than others. Hackett (1984) draws on Gitlin’s (1980) definition of media frames and he argues that ideology provides a framework through which events are presented (Hackett, 1984 cited in Mughees, 1993:66 and Saleem: 98)

The media critics have also employed the term ‘framing’. Noam Chomsky used this term in an interview to refer to the way the New York Times introduced a news story reporting an offer on August 23, 1990, by Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait. Basically, Chomsky argued that The New York Time’s story marginalized the Iraqi offer by opening its story with a Statement hum the US Government discrediting it. (Chornsky, 1989, cited in Mughees, 1993:66).

In this study the theory of agenda setting and the concept of framing are to investigate editorial policy of the elite English press of Pakistan

2.      AGENDA SETTING

Agenda setting is one of the possible ways that the mass media can have an effect on the public. Agenda setting is the idea that 4he news media, by their display of news come to determine the issue. The public thinks and talks about.

Theory concerning agenda setting by the media proposes that Lcthe public agenda — or what kinds of things people discuss, think, and worry about (and some times ultimately press for legislation about) — is powerfully shaped and directed by what the news media choose to publicize”

(Larson, 2012)

The notion of agenda setting by media can be traced to Walter Lippmann (1922), who suggested that the media were responsible for the “Pictures in our heads.” Forty years later, Cohen (1963) further articulated the idea when he argued that the media may not always be successful in telling them what to think about. Lange and Lang (1966, P.468) reinforced this notion by observing that, “the mass media force attention to certain issues they are constantly presenting objects, suggesting what individuals should think about, know about, have feeling about.”

The broad-scope definition of agenda setting involves the consideration three related agendas: the media agenda, the public agenda, and the policy agenda. The media agenda is the set of topics addressed by media sources (e.g. newspapers, television, and radio). The public agenda is the set of topics that cambers of the public believe is important. Finally, the policy agenda -resents issues that decision-makers (e.g. legislators and those who influence the legislative process) believe are particularly salient. Each agenda can be seen is a dependent variable in a causal equation. That is, we can ask, ‘What variables and processes influence the media agenda?” or “What variables and processes influence the public agenda?” or “What variables and processes influence the policy agenda?” as separate but interrelated questions.

The consideration of these three processes (i.e., public agenda-setting, & media agenda-setting, and policy agenda-setting) defines agenda setting theory md research in a broad scope. Traditionally, these three areas have been the overview of different academic disciplines. For example, investigation of the public agenda setting process has been undertaken by mass communication Searches, political scientists have considered policy agenda setting, and media agenda setting has been largely the purview of sociologists

(Mirjana (Mira) M. Sotirovic, 1993)

However, there is little doubt that these three agendas are interrelated and a toadsC0Pe view of agenda setting recognizes and attempts to delineate these

A more narrow-scope view of agenda-setting research concentrates on pork stemming in a relatively direct way from McCombs and Shaw’s (1972) Study this work has been conducted primarily by scholars within the communication discipline and concentrates on the link between the media agenda and the public agenda. The following review of agenda setting theory

The Concentrates on this narrow-scope definition of agenda setting theory, though references will be made to relevant work in the other traditions appropriate.

Since McCombs and Shaw’s early work, sub-sequent investigations have jumpted to establish this causal relationship between the media agenda and the Topic agenda through more sophisticated methodologies. For example, IcCom-’5 and Shaw used a panel design with cross-legged correlations in their t study as a way to consider the direction of causality between the media and public agendas. In this research design, the correlation between the media agenda at time one and the public agenda at time two is compared with the correlation between the public agenda at time one and the media agenda at time two. This methodological design again supported the agenda-setting hypothesis (Shaw & McCombs, 1977) and has been replicated in a number of studies. In subsequent studies, other researchers have used additional methodological variations to investigate the casual ordering between the media agenda and the public agenda, including laboratory experiments (lyengar & Kinder, 1987), field experiments (Protess et al., 1991), structural equation modeling (Hugel, Degenhardt, & Weiss, 1989), and time series analysis (e.g., Zhu, Watt, Snyder, Yan, & Jiang, 1993). Though there have been some mixed results and some indication that the public agenda can influence the media agenda or that there Can be reciprocal influence, there is, overall, strong evidence for the causal impact of the media agenda on the public agenda. Indeed, Zhu and Blood (1997) conclude “these multiple methods have demonstrated a clear causal Influence of the media agenda upon the public agenda. It is likely that no other theoretical hypothesis in human communication research has received as much empirical attention by so many scholars and with such diverse methods are has ,gendsettu1 (pp. 98-99).

The concept of framing is central to a consideration of second-level agenda setting (see reviews of conceptual development and empirical 1estigations presented in Ghanem (1997) and Takeshita (1997). In the context f agenda setting, framing is a process through which the media emphasize 5ome aspects of reality and downplay other aspects. Framing can be complished through the consideration of particular subtopics, through the size and placement of a news item, through the narrative from and tone of the presentat0n, and through particular details included in the media coverage.

3.      MAGIC BULLET/ HYPODERMIC NEEDLE/ STIMULUS RESPONSE THEORY

Before the First World War, there was no separate field of study on Communication, but knowledge about mass communication was accumulating. An outcome of World War I propaganda efforts, the Magic Bullet or Hypodermic Needle Theory came into existence. It propounded the view that the mass media had a powerful influence on the mass audience and could deliberately alter or control peoples' behavior.

Klapper (1960) formulated several generalizations on the effects of mass media. His research findings are as follows: "Mass-media ordinarily does not serve as a necessary and sufficient cause of audience effect, but rather functions through a nexus of mediating factors and influences. These mediating factors render mass-communication as a contributory agent in a process of reinforcing the existing conditions."

The main mediating factors which he considers responsible for the functions and effects of mass communications are 

1- Selective exposure i.e., people's tendency to expose themselves to those mass communications which are in agreement with their attitudes and interests; and 
2- Selective perception and retention i.e., people's inclination to organize the meaning of mass communication messages into accord with their already existing views.

(Berger, 1995)

Chapter # 7

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

The researcher has used “content analysis” methodology to find out the meanings in between the lines of editorials of The News and The Nation and survey method to determine the misconceptions about terrorist and Jihadi organizations among students.

1.      CONTENT ANALYSIS

Krippendorf in 1980 defined content analysis as,

“Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid references from data to their content.”

 (Krippendorf 1980, cited in Wimmer: 1994)

Kerlinger in 1986 defines it: “Content analysis is a method of studying objective and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables.”

(Kerlinger 1986, cited in Wimmer: 1994)

UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY

In this study editorial of The Nation and The News from May 2011 to April 2012, have been taken as the universe of the study for content analysis.

UNIT OF ANALYSIS

The unit of analysis is the thing that is actually counted. In this study the unit of analysis is the editorials of The Nation and The News from May

2011 to April 2012.

DEFINING THE CATEGORIES

At the heart of every content analysis is the category system used to classify media contents. The precise makeup of this system, of course, varies with topic under study. As Berelson (1952) pointed out, “particular studies have been productive to the extent that the categories were clearly formulated and well adopted to the problem and content”.

(Dominik, 1994)

§  Research questions for content analysis

1.      Which English daily create more ambiguity between terrorist and jihadi outlets in editorials?

2.      What is the editorial policy of The News towards the organizations using jihad connotation?

3.      What is the editorial policy of The Nation towards the terrorist organizations using jihad connotation?

In order to measure the direction of the editorials of The Nation and The News, the contents were divided in by making a category, which is,

·         Ambiguity between Terrorist outlets and jihadi organization

Operationalization of Categories:

·         Ambiguity between Terrorist outlets and jihadi organization

a: Pro or Supportive (+)

b: Against or Opposing (-)

c: Neutral or Balanced (0)

a- Pro or Supportive (+)

The editorial will fall into positive or supportive category if it is clear about representing the terrorist outlets and tries to differentiate Terrorist organization from jihad and Islam or name them differently.

b- Against or Opposing (—)

Any editorial will be considered as negative opposing if it is not clear but ambiguous and is creating ambiguity between jihad and terrorism or terrorist and jihadi organizations.

c- Neutral or Balanced (0)

Any editorial will be considered as neutral or balanced if the contents of the editorial show Neutral reaction.

PILOT STUDY:

Coding and Reliability

For this study two coders were provided the random sample of the editorial to read them and identify the direction of the editorial for critical evaluation. The detailed discussion with both the coders helped in the formation and definition of categories of the editorials.

Each coder has read at least three times the text of the given samples of the editorials thoroughly and filled up the coding sheet, provided to them for coding purpose.

Firstly, each coder classified the editorials in one of the positive, negative and neutral category. Secondly, each coder also sorted out the words, phrases and sentences, which helped him to determine the category of the editorials and finally, gave his comments on the editorials coded.

In order to achieve a satisfactory level of reliability, before conducting the actual research 50% of the related sample editorials were selected for pilot study. For this, purpose a total of 24 editorials i.e., editorials from each newspaper were selected for checking the reliability of the study. The percentage of agreement was 83%.

2-Survey method:

Survey method is used to find out the misconception created by media among the students about the terrorist outlets and Jihadi organizations.

“Survey method is a procedure in which information is collected systematically about a set (cases) such as product, brand and object organization etc”

There are three method of survey for data collection:

1.      Observation method

2.      Questionnaire method

3.      Interview method

Among these three methods, here researcher has selected the questionnaire method to collect the response from the students.

Steps in survey:

There are five steps in conducting a survey

1.      Conceiving the problem

2.      Designing  the instrument

3.      Sampling the population

4.      Conducting the interview

5.      Analysis and interpretation

Sample Size:

Researcher has taken the Sample size of 100 for proceeding of this study.

Survey Location:

University of the Punjab, Lahore

Sample questionnaire:

Misconception between jihadi and terrorist organization

Name-------------------------------------                  Dept _____________________

1-What connotation you perceived from terrorist organizations?

a.       Jihadi

b.      Islamist

c.       Extremist

d.      Fundamentalist

2- Media give terrorist connotation to Muslims?

a.       Strongly Agree

b.      Agree

c.       neutral

d.      Disagree

e.       Strongly disagree

3- Many terrorist organizations use the name of Jihad?

a.       Strongly agree

b.      Agree

c.       neutral

d.      Disagree

e.       Strongly disagree

4- Do you justify the banning of so called jihadi organizations by president Mushraf?

a.       Highly justified

b.      justified

c.       To some extent

d.      Unjustified

e.       Highly unjustified

5-Many terrorist organizations are operating from Pakistan?

a.       Strongly agree

b.      Agree

c.       neutral

d.      Disagree

e.       Strongly disagree

6-Do you think terrorist organization are supported by foreign hands?

a.       Strongly agree

b.      Agree

c.       neutral

d.      Disagree

e.       Strongly disagree

7- Do you believe that terrorist organizations manipulated the name of jihad?

a.       Strongly agree

b.      Agree

c.       neutral

d.      Disagree

e.       Strongly disagree

8- What do you think the purpose of terrorist behind suicide attacks?

a.       Terrorized

b.      Fame

c.       Foreign agenda

d.      Revenge

9- Do you think terrorist using Islamic shelter have to crushed and being accountable for their acts?

a.       Strongly agree

b.      Agree

c.       neutral

d.      Disagree

e.       Strongly disagree

10- Which banned organization in your perception is actually a jihadi not terrorist?

a.       Lashkar-e taiba

b.      Tahrek-e Taliban Pakistan

c.       Al-qyaida

d.      Lasker-e jangvi

e.       None of these

11- There lies great ambiguity between jihadi and terrorist organization? (we find hard to differentiate them)

a.       Strongly agree

b.      Agree

c.       neutral

d.      Disagree

e.       Strongly disagree

12-What do you think about the ambiguity (hard to differentiate them) between terrorist and jihadi organizations?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3 -Interview Based Analysis

The interview is one of the major sources of data collection, and it is also one of the most difficult ones to get right. In qualitative research the interview is a form of discourse. According to Mishler (1986) its particular features reflect the distinctive structure and aims of interviewing, namely, that it is discourse shaped and organized by asking and answering questions. An interview is a joint product of what interviewees and interviewers talk about together and how they talk with each other. The record of an interview that we researchers make and then use in our work of analysis and interpretation is a representation of that talk.

(Mishler, 1986)

Interview Probes:

One of the key techniques in good interviewing is the use of probes.

Patton (1990) identifies three types of probes:

• Detail-oriented probes
• Elaboration probes,
• Clarification probes.

1. Detail-oriented probes. In our natural conversations we ask each other questions to get more detail. These types of follow-up questions are designed to fill out the picture of whatever it is we are trying to understand. We easily ask these questions when we are genuinely curious.

2. Elaboration probes. Another type of probe is designed to encourage the interviewee to tell us more. We indicate our desire to know more by such things as gently nodding our head as the person talks, softly voicing 'un-huh' every so often, and sometimes by just remaining silent but attentive. We can also ask for the interviewee to simply continue talking.

3. Clarification probes. There are likely to be times in an interview when the interviewer is unsure of what the interviewee is talking about, what she or he means. In these situations the interviewer can gently ask for clarification, making sure to communicate that it is the interviewer's difficulty in understanding and not the fault of the interviewee.

(Patton, 1990)

Chapter # 9

FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS

FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS:

1)      FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

·         Ambiguity between Terrorist outlets and jihadi organization

Table 1

	Positive	%	Negative	%	Neutral	%	Total
The Nation	2	33.3%	3	50%	1	16.6%	06
The News	1	16.6	3	50%	2	33.3%	06

1^st May, 2011 — 31th July, 2011

The above table 1 indicates that The Nation published a total of six editorials in about the topic ambiguity between terrorist and jihadi outlets. The coverage of both The Nation and The News is ambiguous regarding differentiating the terrorism from jihad and jihadi organizations from terrorist organizations. The Nation published a total of 06 editorials on the said topic and same is the case with The News.

·         Ambiguity between Terrorist outlets and jihadi organization

Table 2

	Positive	%	Negative	%	Neutral	%	Total
The Nation	0	0%	01	50%	01	50%	2
The News	0	0%	3	42.8	04	57.1	07

1^st August, 2011____ 31th October, 2011

It is quite clear from the above Table 2 The Nation published only 2 editorials in three month period from 1^st August to 31th October 2011 out of which 50% were negatively create misconceptions between jihad and terrorism and 50% were neutral. On the other hand The News published 07 editorials on the ambiguous connotation of Terrorism and Jihad and Terrorist and jihadi organizations, most of which about 57.1 % neutral.

·         Ambiguity between Terrorist outlets and jihadi organization

Table 3

	Positive	%	Negative	%	Neutral	%	Total
The Nation	2	50%	1	25%	1	25%	04
The News	1	16.6%	3	50%	2	33.3%	06

1^st November, 2011____ 31th January, 2012

It is quite clear from the above Table 3 that  The Nation publish 04 editorials the creating misconceptions or resolving them between terrorist and jihadi outlets, out of which 50% do not create any misconception between the purpose and operations of terrorist organizations and jihadi groups and 25% were neutral and Negative generating ambiguity to some extent.

  On the other hand, The News published three out of six editorials with negative image connotation of Jihad and terrorism overlapping their outlets.

·         Ambiguity between Terrorist outlets and jihadi organization

Table 4

	Positive	%	Negative	%	Neutral	%	Total
The Nation	2	50%	1	25%	1	25%	04
The News	2	28.5%	3	42.8%	2	28.5%	07

1^st February, 2012____ 30th April, 2012

It is clear from the above Table 4 that The Nation published 04 editorials out of which all have balanced views regarding the ambiguity generation about Terrorist and jihadi organizations as 50% are pro ambiguous and 25% neutral and negative.

The News published 07 editorials out of them 42% were ambiguous about the Jihadi and Terrorist organizations and 28.5 % clear about the topic.

2-    Findings of Survey

Descriptive Result Summary:

We emphasis in our survey on values given below, as We

Ø  Explain to respondent the reasons for asking the questions,

Ø  Make response categories as broad as possible.

Ø  Word the question in a nonjudgmental style that avoids the appearance of censure, or, if possible, make the behaviour in question appear to be socially acceptable.

Ø  Present the request as factual matter as possible.

1-What connotation you perceived from terrorist organizations?

	Options		Responses%
1)		jihadi		12 %
2)		islamist		15%
3)		extremist		68%
4)		Fundamentalist		20%
Average			3.0

Connotation of Terrorist organizations 1

o   This table shows that when people hear the word terrorist organization mostly they perceive them as terrorist not jihadi or related to Islam. About 68% respondents perceive terrorists as extremist.

2- Media give terrorist connotation to Muslims?

	Options		Responses%
1		Strongly agree		32%
2		agree		44%
3		neutral		06%
4		disagree		09%
5		strongly disagree		09%
Average			2.1

o   About 44% respondents were agreed that it was the media who give negative Connotation to Muslims and termed them as terrorists.

3- Many terrorist organizations wrongly use the name of Jihad?

	Options		Responses%
1		Strongly agree		32%
2		agree		48%
3		neutral		08%
4		disagree		08%
5		strongly disagree		04%
Average			2.04

                                          

o   Most of the respondent agreed that Terrorist organizations wrongly use the name of jihad to justify their cruel acts against humanity.

4- Do you justify the banning act of so called jihadi organizations by Gen.  Mushraf?

	Options	Responses%
1)	Highly justified	16%
2)	justified	42%
3)	To some extent	20%
4)	unjustified	20%
5)	Highly unjustified	02%
Average		2..5

o   Most of the respondents justify the ban on so called Jihadi organizations by Gen. Mushraf.

5-Many terrorist organizations are operating from Pakistan?

	Options		Responses%
1		Strongly agree		08%
2		agree		42%
3		neutral		15%
4		disagree		35%
5		strongly disagree		0%
Average			2.77

o   There seems some ambiguity again in the minds of students about either terrorist organizations operating from Pakistan or not. About 42% were agreed but 35 % of students were disagreed with the statement.

6-Do you think terrorist organization are supported by foreign hands?

	Options		Responses%
1		Strongly agree		68%
2		agree		12%
3		neutral		08%
4		disagree		08%
5		strongly disagree		04%
Average			1.6

o   About 68% of students strongly agree that foreign hands were also involved in terrorist activities inside Pakistan and operating of terrorist outlets is supported by Foreign aid.

7- Do you believe that terrorist organizations manipulated the name of jihad?

	Options		Responses%
1.		Strongly agree		30%
2		agree		38%
3		neutral		12%
4		disagree		16%
5		strongly disagree		04%
Average			2.26

o   Most of the student respondents agree that terrorist organizations manipulated the name of Jihad for their own gain to defame Islam and Jihad.

8- What do you think the purpose of terrorist behind suicide attacks?

	Options		Responses%
1.		terrorised		16%
2.		fame		12%
3.		Foreign agenda		52%
4.		Revenge		20%
Average			3.3

Purpose behind Terrorism 1

o   Most of the respondents agreed that terrorist doing suicide attacks were following the foreign agenda.

9- Do you think terrorist using Islamic shelter have to crushed and being accountable for their acts?

	Options		Responses%
1.		Strongly agree		44%
2.		agree		36%
3.		neutral		20%
4.		disagree		0%
5.		strongly disagree		0%
Average			1.82

o   All students think terrorist using Islamic shelter have to crush and being accountable for their heinous acts.

10- Which banned organization in your perception is actually a jihadi not terrorist?

	Options		Responses%
1)		Lashkar-e Taiba		24%
2)		Tahrik-eTaliban Pakistan		0%
3)		Alqaida		0%
4)		Lashkar-e  Jhangvi		0%
5)		None of these		76%
Average			5.

o   Most of students do not think Lashkar-e Tayba, Lashkar-e Jhangvi, Tahrik-e Taliban Pakistan and Alqayda have any relation with Islam and its concept of Jihad.

11- There lies great ambiguity between jihadi and terrorist organization? (We find hard to differenciate them)

	Options		Responses%
1)		Strongly agree		14%
2)		agree		55%
3)		neutral		15%
4)		disagree		12%
5)		strongly disagree		0%
Average			2.0

o   Almost every student believes that because of media there lies a great misconception and ambiguity between Jihad and terrorism and terrorist and jihadi organizations.

Q12: In your opinion, is media still creating misconceptions about jihad and Terrorism?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Average value

1.9

         Yes                                                                                                                No

o   Most of the students believe that media still creating misconceptions between terrorist and jihadi organizations.

Q 13: What do you think about the misconception created by media (hard to differentiate them) about terrorist and jihadi organizations?

Media has interlinked the jihad and terrorism and presented some Muslim guerrillas fighters as jihadi elements. So there create huge ambiguity between the concept of jihad and terrorism. We find it hard to differentiate both from each other.

Summary of Results:

§  This table shows that when people hear the word terrorist organization mostly they perceive them as terrorist not jihadi or related to Islam. About 68% respondents perceive terrorists as extremist.

§  About 44% respondents were agreed that it was the media who give negative Connotation to Muslims and termed them as terrorists.

§  Most of the respondent agreed that Terrorist organizations wrongly use the name of jihad to justify their cruel acts against humanity.

§  Most of the respondents justify the ban on so called Jihadi organizations by Gen. Mushraf.

§  There seems some ambiguity again in the minds of students about either terrorist organizations operating from Pakistan or not. About 42% were agreed but 35 % of students were disagreed with the statement.

§  About 68% of students strongly agree that foreign hands were also involved in terrorist activities inside Pakistan and operating of terrorist outlets is supported by Foreign aid.

§  Most of the student respondents agree that terrorist organizations manipulated the name of Jihad for their own gain to defame Islam and Jihad.

§  Most of the respondents agreed that terrorist doing suicide attacks were following the foreign agenda.

§  All students think terrorist using Islamic shelter have to crush and being accountable for their heinous acts.

§  Most of students do not think Lashkar-e Tayba, Lashkar-e Jhangvi, Tahrik-i Taliban Pakistan and Al-qaeda have any relation with Islam and its concept of Jihad.

§  Almost every student believes that because of media there lies a great misconception and ambiguity between Jihad and terrorism and terrorist and jihadi organizations.

§  Most of the students believe that media still creating misconceptions between terrorist and jihadi organizations.

§  Media has interlinked the jihad and terrorism and presented some Muslim guerrillas fighters as jihadi elements. So there create huge ambiguity between the concept of jihad and terrorism. We find it hard to differentiate both from each other.

3- Findings of Interview

Dr. Muhammad Abdullah

Sheikh Zaid Islamic Centre, PU Lahore

Q # 01

Do you think media termed jihadi to terrorist groups and mixed the concept of Jihad with terrorism?

Answer:

Well it is true that our media termed Terrorist as Jihadis and Jihadis as terrorist and mixed the concept. It is because European media use terrorist word for Muslim organizations fighting for their rights so terrorist organizations also borrowed that word Jihad so to mix the whole concept which is at opposite end of business. Now our media following the footsteps of western media use this connotation for both Jihadi and terrorist groups so to made confused the audience and put them in a state of no decision.

Q # 2

How do you analyze the terrorist organizations using the name of Jihad for their actions against innocent civilians?

Answer:

 I think jihad is a total different entity from terrorist acts or terrorist organizations so those organizations that were using the name of jihad for their heinous acts must be crushed by government and Islamic Scholars should also be issued Fatwa to make them aware of their punishment in hereafter.

Q # 3

How do you perceive Tahrik-i Taliban Pakistan, Lashkar-e Tayba, sipah e Sahab and other radical groups which associate themselves with jihad and Islam?

Answer:

I could only suggest that these organizations must be dialogued to know why they hose extremist way for their rights; government should also ask their demands to leave the extremist way. Second if they insist after that they should e presented to courts not to detainee camps of agencies. 3rdly those organizations who are involved in the killing of innocent people and bombing mosques and different sects should be banned and accountable for their actions. Lastly government should have to inspect the foreign involvement in developing and upraising these organizations to uproot the causes.

Q # 4

How do you differentiate terrorist organizations from Jhadi groups?

Answer:

There is no justification to fight against your country not in any book of Islam, so those who killing innocent people in mosques and suicide bombing the state army are terrorists. Jihad is a vast subject; it is not the name of aggression or cruelty act against innocents. Jihad is only obligated in specific circumstances under the supervision of Amir.

Chapter # 10

ANALYSES & DISCUSSION

ANALYSES & DISCUSSION:

Most of the terrorist organizations used the name of Jihad for their wrong activities. Those who do not know the real concept of Jihad start judging some stereotype Muslims as terrorist because of these terrorist organizations. This ignites a debate on media about differentiating them from eachother. Some media outlets manipulate the concept of jihad in such way that even educated people found it difficult to mark them differently from each other. The misconceptions between terrorist and Jihadi Organizations has again started with more zeal with the beginning of so called War on terror of US lead forces.

After this incident US declared Muslim jihadi organizations as terrorist organizations and invaded Iraq and Afghanistan to crush these organizations. So that was the time when media start manipulating the jihad with terrorism in more arranged way. When we ask anybody about his views about Al-Qayeda, Lashkar-e Taiba or any other radical group using the name of jihad, he will definitely take time to decide either these organizations are Muslim Jihadi or Terrorist Outlets. Even after selecting this topic many times during my research I myself feel ambiguity about these organizations as these outlets relate them with jihad but media and Govt. declared them as terrorist organizations. So after analyzing the editorials I took a survey of students and found that they too ambiguous about the misconceptions cultivated by media about the terrorist and Jihadi organizations.

The both Newspapers also seemed ambiguous about these organizations and some time write in favour of these organizations and their heads and some time call these outlets terrorist organizations.

“The news” in its editorials wrote at one place that negotiation with Taliban leaders and having a Taliban Govt. may be a good step towards peace but on the other hand it wrote that killing of Osama bin Laden is good news and framed the killing of Saudi diplomat as terrorist act by Al-qaeda. After ten days later it published an editorial in which it condemned the killing of Al-qaeda leader as it has not solved anything and terrorism goes on.

Also The News wrote in an editorial published June 24, 2011 that we need in depth inquiry why Harkat-ul Mujahdeen banned so was the ambiguity in most of its editorials.

(News e. T., 2011)

Same was the case with “The Nation” as it defends the chief of a banned organization in his editorials but on the other hand also believe that terrorist operating from Pakistan must be crushed and accountable for their acts.

Also ambiguity exists in editorials of both News papers if we judge them scientifically and judge them comparatively they are opposite to each other at many points. The News wrote in his editorial of July 15 that initial suspects of Mumbai attack are from LeT but on the other side The Nation wrote in its editorial of April 4, that they blamed Hafiz Saeed (Chief of LeT) for nonetheless.

(Nation, 2012) (News, 2012)

In survey results there also seemed ambiguity about the Terrorist and Jihadi Organizations among the respondents. Even a large number of respondents give mixed views about the banning of Terrorist outlets by Gen. Mushraf regime.

Even the interview of Dr. Abdullah a scholar from Shiekh Zaid Islamic Centre supported the views stated in hypothesis that there exists ambiguity while differentiating the terrorist outlets from Jihadi organizations.

Chapter# 11

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION:

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of editorials of The Nation and The News shows that there was ambiguity to some extent in their expressions about Terrorist and Jihadi organizations. Even if we judge them as single or comparatively they are confused to represent these organization either as terrorist organizations or Muslim Jihadi organization.

The Nation wrote 16 editorial out of which 37.5% were ambiguous about the Terrorist organizations and same quantity content was clear about calling them terrorist or Jihadi. So that was balanced but confusing result as they were failed to decide which direction they have to represent these organizations.

The News published 26 editorials out of which only 15.3 were clear about describing terrorist outlets but 46.15 were ambiguous and 38.46% were neutral showing again confused situation of editorial treatment of terrorist and Jihadi organization.

Survey results were also very interesting as respondents seemed confused about the Terrorist and jihadi Organizations. At some points they mixed the concept of Jihad with terrorist activities and they alleged media formixing the concepts of the terrorists with jihadis. When people hear the word terrorist organization mostly they perceive them as terrorist not jihadi or related to Islam. About 68% respondents perceive terrorists as extremist.About 44% respondents were agreed that it was the media who give negative Connotation to Muslims and termed them as terrorists.Most of the respondent agreed that Terrorist organizations wrongly use the name of jihad to justify their cruel acts against humanity.

Respondents give mixed views about the ban on so called Jihadi organizations by Gen. Mushraf. There seems some ambiguity again in the minds of students about either terrorist organizations operating from Pakistan or not. About 42% were agreed but 35 % of students were disagreed with the statement.

About 68% of students strongly agree that foreign hands were also involved in terrorist activities inside Pakistan and operating of terrorist outlets is supported by Foreign aid. The student respondents agreed that terrorist organizations manipulated the name of Jihad for their own gain to defame Islam and Jihad and that terrorist doing suicide attacks were following the foreign agenda.

All students think terrorist using Islamic shelter have to crushed and being accountable for their heinous acts.Most of students do not think Lashkar-e Tayba, Lashkar-e Jhangvi, Tahrik-e Taliban Pakistan and Alqayda have any relation with Islam and its concept of Jihad. Almost every student believe that because of media there lies a great misconception and ambiguity between Jihad and terrorism and terrorist and jihadi organizations and that media still creating misconceptions between terrorist and jihadi organizations.

They think that Media has interlinked the jihad and terrorism and presented some Muslim guerrillas fighters as jihadi elements. So there create huge ambiguity between the concept of jihad and terrorism. We find it hard to differentiate both from each other.

Moreover interview of Dr. Muhammad Abdullah and his analysis about the media misconceptions on Jihadi and Terrorist outlets also supported the hypothesis that there exists ambiguity in media while differentiating the jihadis from terrorists.

Chapter # 12

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